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What States Do Not Require A Background Check To Purchase A Gun?

Written By Thursday, April 21, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Background checks for private sales of firearms in the United States

This article is most groundwork checks for individual sales of firearms in the U.s.a.. For background checks in general, see Background check.

Proposals for universal groundwork checks would require almost all firearms transactions in the U.s.a. to be recorded and go through the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS), closing what is sometimes called the private sale exemption. Universal groundwork checks are not required by U.S. federal law, but at to the lowest degree 22 states and the District of Columbia currently require background checks for at least some private sales of firearms.

Background [edit]

Federal law requires background checks (through the National Instant Criminal Background Check System) only for guns sold through licensed firearm dealers, which business relationship for 78% of all gun sales in the United States. This figure was published in a 2017 report by the Annals of Internal Medicine which, using a 2015 survey, found that 22% of recent gun transfers (purchased and nonpurchased) were completed without a groundwork check.[1] The authors noted that while this number was less than in years past, it nonetheless indicates that millions of American adults are able to obtain firearms without background checks.[1] The current federal law allows people not "engaged in the business organization" of selling firearms to sell firearms without a license or records. A 2008 report from the Coalition to Cease Gun Violence (CSGV) stated that the National Instant Criminal Background Check Organization had prevented over 1.4 meg felons and other prohibited persons from purchasing firearms in the years between 1994-2005.[2] According to the CSGV, the law also has a prohibitive effect, that deters illegal purchases.

In November 1998, President Bill Clinton directed the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and the U.Due south. Attorney Full general (A.G.) to provide recommendations apropos the fact that 25 percent or more of sellers at gun shows are non required to run background checks on potential buyers. This was called the gun prove loophole.[3] : 3, 12 [4] [five] : 27 2 months afterward, Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Offense Gun Traces was released.[3] The Secretary and the A.Grand. fabricated seven recommendations, including expanding the definition of "gun prove," and reviewing the definition of "engaged in the business organisation".

Later the Columbine High Schoolhouse massacre in Apr 1999, gun shows and groundwork checks became a focus of national debate.[six] [seven] [8] In May, the executive vice president of the National Rifle Clan (NRA) told the Business firm Judiciary Subcommittee on Criminal offence, "We think it is reasonable to provide mandatory, instant criminal groundwork checks for every sale at every gun show."[9] : 118 Those concerned nigh the shows believed they were a source of illegally trafficked firearms.[10] [nb i] Efforts to reverse a key feature of the Firearm Owners Protection Human action (FOPA) by requiring criminal background checks and purchase records on private sales at gun shows, which had get prolific in the U.S. since the law's passage in 1986, were unsuccessful.[11] [12]

Private sale exemption [edit]

In the August 5, 2010, effect of The New England Periodical of Medicine, researchers Garen J. Wintemute, Anthony A. Braga, and David M. Kennedy, wrote that gun shows account for just a fraction of all U.Southward. gun sales and that a more effective strategy would exist to brand all individual-party gun sales become through the screening and tape-keeping processes that FFL dealers are required to do.[thirteen] Their report concluded:

Drawbacks with respect to expense and inconvenience notwithstanding, 83% of self-reported gun owners and 87% of the full general population endorsed regulation for all individual-party gun sales in a 2008 poll that was conducted for the advocacy organization Mayors Against Illegal Guns. Gun owners gave stronger support to this all-inclusive arroyo than to a gun-evidence-just proposal in a 2009 poll conducted for the same arrangement. Either proposal would face tough sledding on Capitol Hill. Information technology would therefore seem preferable to movement frontwards with the version that is most likely to reduce the rates of firearm-related violence.[13]

Following the December xiv, 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre, there were numerous calls for universal background checks[14] [xv] [sixteen] to close what is now referred to as the "individual sale loophole."[17] [18] [19] In an essay published in 2013, Wintemute said that comprehensive background checks that included private sales would consequence in a simple, fair framework for retail firearms commerce.[20] : 103 In Feb 2014, researchers at the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research reported that subsequently the 2007 repeal in Missouri of a long-standing law that required all handgun buyers to pass a background cheque there was a 23 per centum increase in firearms homicides.[21]

A 2012 study published in the journal Injury Prevention institute that almost 80% of all firearms used for criminal purposes are obtained through transfers from unlicensed dealers, which are not required to conduct background checks in a majority of states due to the private sale exemption.[22]

In 2017, a study past researchers from Northeastern Academy and the Harvard School of Public Wellness showed that 22% of American gun owners who had obtained a gun in the previous two years did not undergo a groundwork bank check before doing then.[23]

Public opinion [edit]

Universal background checks bask high levels of public support; a 2016 representative survey constitute 86% of registered voters in the U.s.a. supported the measure.[24] Five national polls conducted in 2015 show high levels of support for "expanded background checks for gun purchases," with rates varying (93% and 89% support in two Quinnipiac University surveys, 92% support in a CBS/New York Times survey, 86% back up in a Gallup survey, 85% support in a Pew Research Center survey).[25] A 2015 survey found that more than than 90% of Americans supported universal background checks, and that, on average, Americans idea they would be more than effective than any other gun policy.[26] In that location is show that many Americans incorrectly think that universal background checks are required by federal law; a 2016 survey found that 41% of Americans believed this to be the case. The same survey found that 77% of Americans supported universal groundwork checks, while only 53% supported stricter gun laws. Based on this data, the authors concluded that "this difference might exist attributable to poor awareness of the limitations of existing laws."[27]

In 2015, big majorities of American adults, both Republicans (79%) and Democrats (88%), supported background checks for private sales and at gun shows, co-ordinate to a Pew Enquiry Eye survey.[28] In 2017, strong majorities of American adults, both gun owners (77%) and non-gun owners (87%), supported groundwork checks for private sales and at gun shows, according to a Pew Research Middle survey with an error attributable to sampling of +/- 2.viii% at the 95% level of conviction.[29] In 2018, afterwards the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida, well-nigh all Americans supported universal groundwork checks.[30] [31] 88% of registered voters supported universal background checks, co-ordinate to a Pol/Morning Consult poll with a margin of error +/- 2%.[xxx] 94% of American voters supported universal groundwork checks, co-ordinate to a Quinnipiac University Polling Found poll with a margin of fault of +/- 3.four%.[31]

A July 2019 poll by NPR plant that 89% of respondents supported groundwork checks for all gun purchases at gun shows or other private sales.[32] An overwhelming majority of Republicans (84%) and Democrats (96%) indicated their support, suggesting at that place is bipartisan popular consensus on the broad topic in the public.[33]

Opposition [edit]

Gun rights groups such as the National Rifle Association and National Shooting Sports Foundation oppose universal background check proposals.[34] [35] Opponents of universal background checks debate that existing gun laws are sufficient; that the government does not prosecute enough of the attempted ineligible buyers who are turned abroad past the current system; that background checks are an invasion of privacy; and that "transfer" might be divers too broadly.[36] Opponents also maintain that universal background checks would not stop crime[36] [37] and affirm that the only way to properly enforce a universal system would be to require a registration database.[37] Gun-rights advocate and author John Lott argues that universal groundwork checks forestall poorer Americans from acquiring guns. Lott said that, as of December 2015, background checks added an effective cost of $80 (New York), $60 (Washington state), or $200 (Washington, D.C.) to transferring a firearm. Lott argues that universal groundwork checks are an effective tax on guns and tin prevent less affluent Americans from purchasing them, and that this unduly affects poor minorities who live in loftier-law-breaking urban areas.[38]

Some local counties take adopted 2nd Subpoena sanctuary resolutions in opposition to universal background check laws.[39] [twoscore]

Effectiveness [edit]

Studies [edit]

Universal background bank check laws were associated with a 14.nine% reduction in overall homicides, according to a 2019 study by medical researchers including Michael Siegel of the Boston University School of Public Health and David Hemenway of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Wellness published by the Journal of General Internal Medicine. The written report authors wrote that "further research is necessary to make up one's mind whether these associations are causal ones".[41]

An October 2018 written report conducted by the Violence Prevention Research Plan (VPRP) at UC Davis and the Center for Gun Policy and Inquiry at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found no alter in firearm homicide or suicide rates in the ten years following California's 1991 implementation of comprehensive background checks. The study's command group used firearm and non-firearm mortality data for 32 states that did not implement major firearm policies during the menses from 1981-2000. In the written report catamenia, firearm suicide rates were 10.nine percent lower in California merely a similar subtract in non-firearm suicide was too observed. The study found no internet difference between firearm-related homicide rates before and during the written report period. The written report authors identified a number of possible reasons for the nix finding, including inadequate reporting of criminal records or other disqualifying information to background-cheque databases (peculiarly pre-2000); a failure by sellers to conduct the background check as required past law; and the small number of persons affected by the California constabulary.[42]

Another report by the VPRP found that comprehensive background check policies led to increased background checks in Delaware, but not in Colorado or Washington. Not-compliance with the policy may be attributable to the lack of an increase in the latter two states.[43]

A study published in July 2018 institute no clan between firearm homicide and suicide rates and the repeal of comprehensive background check laws in two states. The study compared rates from synthetic control groups to rates in Indiana from 1981 to 2008 and in Tennessee from 1994 to 2008. Rates from the two states' study periods were inside the range of natural variability. The study also concluded that in order to understand whether comprehensive background checks by and large reduce firearm deaths, more than evidence from other states is needed.[44]

A written report published in June 2018 in the Periodical of Urban Health by authors affiliated with the Violence Prevention Enquiry Plan (VPRP) at UC Davis and the Center for Gun Policy and Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health plant comprehensive background check (CBC) laws not tied to a let-to-purchase police force were associated with an increase in firearm homicide rates but not non-firearm homicide rates.[45] The authors of the study noted, withal, that they take "identified no plausible theory to explain how requiring a prospective firearm purchaser to undergo a background check would result in increased homicide rates."[45] In attempting to explain the unexpected results, the researchers proposed an endogenous human relationship such that states passing the CBC-just laws were doing then in response to already rise firearm homicide rates.[45]

A 2016 report published in The Lancet attempted to measure the touch on that 25 different country laws had on overall firearm-related mortality, and information technology found that universal background checks had the strongest overall affect.[46] Additionally, the researchers' projection of a federally implemented universal background check policy predicted that national firearm mortality could drop from x.35 deaths per 100,000 people to 4.46 deaths per 100,000 people.[46] A 2015 written report published in the American Journal of Public Health institute that a Connecticut constabulary (enacted in 1995) requiring handgun buyers to undergo a background cheque (in order to obtain a required allow) "was associated with a 40 percent decline in gun homicides and a fifteen percent drop in suicides" during the constabulary's first 10 years in effect.[47] A 2014 study published in the Journal of Urban Health institute that the 2007 repeal of a "permit-to-purchase" handgun law in Missouri (including the repeal of a groundwork-check requirement) was associated with a 23% increase in the firearm homicide charge per unit and a fifteen% increment in the murder rate, translating "to increases of between 55 and 63 homicides per year in Missouri."[48] The study controlled for other variables that might bear on homicides, including "changes in rates of unemployment, poverty, incarceration, break-in, law enforcement officers per capita, and the presence of four other types of land laws."[48] A 2013 report published in the JAMA Internal Medicine analyzed various types of firearm legislation beyond the U.Southward. from 2007-2010 and firearm-related deaths across all 50 states, and ended that stronger background checks were associated with lower overall firearm fatality rates.[49]

Scholarly surveys [edit]

In a survey published by the New York Times in January 2017, a panel of 32 scholars of criminology, public health, and police force rated universal background checks as the near effective policy to prevent gun deaths, ranking it #ane of 29 possible gun-related policies (7.three on a 10-point effectiveness scale).[50] In a subsequent expert survey published in Oct 2017 on policies to curb mass shooting deaths specifically, the expert panel ranked universal checks for gun buyers and universal checks for armament buyers as 6.6 and 6.5 (on a ten-point effectiveness scale), respectively, ranking them as the fifth- and sixth-virtually constructive of 20 gun-policy proposals.[51]

A survey past Arthur Berg, Gary Mauser, and John Lott, published in the wintertime 2019-2020 edition of the Cato Institute quarterly Regulation, asked respondents (38 criminologists, 32 economists, and 50 public health researchers who had published an empirical study on firearms in a peer-reviewed periodical) to rank the effects of 33 firearms policies (20 policies in the New York Times in 2017, plus viii boosted policies that would loosen gun regulation, and 5 additional restrictive policies) on reducing murder rates and mass shootings. (Berg, Mauser, and Lott asked nearly "murder rates" rather than gun homicides because they fabricated the assumption that stricter gun laws would non affect the homicide rate.) Respondents ranked universal background checks 13th and 14th for reducing the murder rate and reducing mass shootings, respectively. Public health researchers were essentially likelier than economists and criminologists to rate universal background checks every bit effective.[52]

Implications for mental health counseling [edit]

Universal background check laws, which require that a background check be conducted before whatever gun transfer, may apply to temporary removals of guns from the home of suicidal individuals. Some clinicians take reported that these laws have created confusion about whether a gun transfer would be legal, and therefore made it more than hard for them to counsel their patients.[53]

States with universal background check laws [edit]

As of July 2020, 22 states and District of Columbia crave background checks for at least some individual sales of firearms, as follows:[54]

Jurisdiction Summary from Giffords Constabulary Centre[54]
California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Virginia,[55] Vermont, Washington, and the District of Columbia "Require universal background checks at the indicate of sale for all sales and transfers of all classes of firearms, whether they are purchased from a licensed dealer or an unlicensed seller."[54]
Maryland and Pennsylvania "Crave betoken of sale background checks for handguns just non for long guns, like rifles and shotguns."[54]
Hawaii, Illinois, and Massachusetts "Require all firearm purchasers to obtain a permit, issued after a background check, in society to buy any firearm" (this requirement is in lieu of a point-of-auction background check)[54]
New Jersey "Requires firearm purchasers to both obtain a permit to purchase a firearm and, if the purchase is from an unlicensed seller, comport the transaction through a federally-licensed firearms dealer."[54]
Michigan, Nebraska, and North Carolina "Allow and groundwork check requirement for handgun purchases but not long-gun purchases."[54]

In Maine, a 2016 referendum to require background checks on private sales failed later on a closely fought campaign, with "yes" gaining 48.2% of the vote and "no" gaining 52.viii% of the vote.[56] [57] In 2014, a referendum in Washington state to crave background checks on individual sales (Initiative Mensurate No. 594) passed,[54] with "yes" gaining 59.3% of the vote and "no" gaining 40.7% of the vote.[58]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ A report released in 2009, ten years after Columbine, discussed the role that gun shows play in trafficking to United mexican states.[5]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Matthew Miller, Medico, ScD; Lisa Hepburn, PhD; Deborah Azrael, PhD. "Firearm Acquisition Without Background Checks". Annals of Internal Medicine . Retrieved Feb 20, 2017. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  2. ^ "America'south Gun Shows: Open Markets for Criminals" (PDF). Coalition to Stop Gun Violence & Educational Fund to Stop Gun Violence. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-27.
  3. ^ a b U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.Due south. Department of Justice (January 1999). "Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Crime Gun Traces" (PDF). atf.gov. Agency of Booze, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF). Retrieved June 27, 2014. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  4. ^ "Gun Show undercover" (PDF). October 2009. p. 11. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  5. ^ a b "Firearms Trafficking: U.S. Efforts to Combat Arms Trafficking to Mexico Face Planning and Coordination Challenges" (PDF). gao.gov. U.s. Government Accountability Office (GAO). June 2009. GAO-09-709. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  6. ^ "The debate on gun policies in U.South. and midwest newspapers". Berkeley Media Studies Group. January i, 2000.
  7. ^ National Briefing of Land Legislatures (June 1, 2000). "Colorado Afterward Columbine The Gun Contend". The Free Library by Farlex. Gale Grouping.
  8. ^ "No Questions Asked: Groundwork Checks, Gun Shows, and Offense" (PDF). Americans for Gun Safety Foundation. Apr 1, 2001.
  9. ^ LaPierre, Wayne (May 27, 1999). "Argument of Wayne LaPierre, Executive Vice President, National Rifle Association at Awaiting Firearms Legislation and the Assistants's Enforcement of Current Gun Laws: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal offence of the Commission of the Judiciary of the Firm of Representatives One Hundred Sixth Congress First Session". commdocs.business firm.gov. Washington, D.C. Retrieved July four, 2014. No loopholes anywhere for anyone.
  10. ^ "Post-obit the Gun: Enforcing Federal Laws Against Firearms Traffickers" (PDF). Bureau of Booze, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). June 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2003.
  11. ^ Olinger, David (February 13, 2000). "Dealers live for gun shows". Denverpost.com . Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  12. ^ Baum, Dan (June 8, 2000). "What I saw at the gun show". rollingstone.com . Retrieved January 30, 2015.
  13. ^ a b Wintemute, Garen J.; Braga, Anthony A.; Kennedy, David M. (Baronial five, 2010). "Private-Party Gun Sales, Regulation, and Public Safety". The New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Lodge. 363 (six): 508–511. doi:ten.1056/NEJMp1006326. PMID 20592291. S2CID 40954102. Published online at nejm.org on June thirty, 2010.
  14. ^ Hartfield, Elizabeth (Dec 24, 2012). "In Gun Control Debate, Arguments for Tougher Groundwork Checks, Improve State Reporting". ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  15. ^ Sullum, Jacob (January eleven, 2013). "iv Questions About 'Universal Groundwork Checks' for Gun Purchases". Reason.com (Web log). Reason Foundation. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  16. ^ More universal sources:
    • Avlon, John (January 12, 2013). "Gun debate notwithstanding rages after Sandy Claw slaughter". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
    • Sullivan, Cheryl (January 12, 2013). "Gun debate 101: Fourth dimension for 'universal' background checks on buyers?". Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved June 27, 2014.
    • Martinez, Michael (January 28, 2013). "'Universal background check:' What does it mean?". Cable News Network. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  17. ^ Fisher, Kristin (December 15, 2011). "Illegal Internet Gun Sales are Soaring in Virginia". WUSA9. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved Feb 7, 2015. These Internet sales really are the new gun shows.
  18. ^ Shapiro, Eliza (November 29, 2012). "Gun-Control Lobby Targets Obama, Demands Reform". Daily Animate being.
  19. ^ More individual auction loophole sources:
    • Kirkham, Chris (Dec 21, 2012). "Individual Gun Sale Loophole Creates Invisible Firearms Market, Prompts Calls For Reform". The Huffington Post.
    • "Universal Background Checks & the Individual Auction Loophole Policy Summary". Smart Gun Laws. Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. August 21, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
    • Taylor, Marisa (December 22, 2014). "Gun law loophole could have provided Brinsley'due south murder weapon, say experts". Al Jazeera America. Through something known as the private sale loophole, he could accept purchased the firearm in the private market at a gun evidence or out of someone'south trunk.
    • Dobbs, Taylor (January 16, 2015). "Gun Rights Group Slams Proposed Legislation". Vermont Public Radio.
  20. ^ Wintemute, Garen J. (2013). "Comprehensive Background Checks for Firearm Sales: Evidence from Gun Shows". In Webster, Daniel W.; Vernick, Jon S. (eds.). Reducing Gun Violence in America. JHU Press. pp. 95–107. ISBN978-i-4214-1110-one. OCLC 823897002.
  21. ^ Webster, Daniel (February xviii, 2014). "ID Check Repeal Prompts Spike In Murders, Written report Finds". All Things Considered (Interview). Interviewed by Audie Cornish. NPR. Retrieved June thirty, 2014.
  22. ^ Vittes, Katherine A.; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel Due west. (2012). "Legal condition and source of offenders' firearms in states with the least stringent criteria for gun ownership". Injury Prevention. 19 (1): 26–31. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2011-040290. ISSN 1475-5785. PMID 22729164.
  23. ^ Miller, Chiliad; Hepburn, 50; Azrael, D (iii Jan 2017). "Firearm Conquering Without Background Checks: Results of a National Survey". Annals of Internal Medicine. 166 (4): 233–239. doi:10.7326/M16-1590. PMID 28055050.
  24. ^ Bui, Quotrung; Sanger-Katz, Margot (January 10, 2017). "How to Foreclose Gun Deaths? Where Experts and the Public Hold". The New York Times . Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  25. ^ Carroll, Lauren (v January 2016). "Laura Ingraham wrongly says claim that 90% support for gun background checks has been debunked". Politifact . Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  26. ^ Sorenson, Susan B. (Oct 2015). "Assessing views about gun violence reduction policy: A look at type of violence and expected effectiveness". Preventive Medicine. 79: l–54. doi:ten.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.025. PMID 25952054.
  27. ^ Aronow, Peter M; Miller, Benjamin T (January 2016). "Policy misperceptions and back up for gun control legislation". The Lancet. 387 (10015): 223. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(sixteen)00042-8. PMID 26842292.
  28. ^ Fingerhut, Hannah (January 5, 2016). "5 facts about guns in the U.s.". Pew Inquiry Center. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  29. ^ Parker, Kim; Menasce Horowitz, Juliana; Igielnik, Ruth; Oliphant, Baxter; Brown, Anna (June 22, 2017). "America's Complex Relationship With Guns". Pew Research Center. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  30. ^ a b Shepard, Steven (February 28, 2018). "Gun control support surges in polls". Politico. Retrieved March xix, 2018. Fourscore-eight percent support requiring groundwork checks on all gun sales.
  31. ^ a b "Poll Release May 22, 2019". Quinnipiac University Polling Found. May 22, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2019. 94 Percent Back Universal Gun Background Checks
  32. ^ "Americans Largely Support Gun Restrictions To 'Practice Something' About Gun Violence". NPR.org . Retrieved 2020-12-09 .
  33. ^ "Poll: Americans Non Sold On Trump — Or Democrats". NPR.org . Retrieved 2020-12-09 .
  34. ^ Tom Hamburger & Josh Dawsey, "Trump tells NRA primary that universal groundwork checks are off the table", Washington Mail (August 20, 2019).
  35. ^ Brendan J. Lyons & Dan Freedman, "Cuomo, 11 other Autonomous governors urge tighter gun regulations", Olean Times Herald (September 10, 2019).
  36. ^ a b Good, Chris (April 10, 2013). "The Example Confronting Gun Background Checks". ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  37. ^ a b G&A online editors (May 28, 2013). "NRA Members: Universal Background Checks 'Not a Solution'". Guns & Ammo. Intermedia Outdoors. Retrieved June thirty, 2014. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  38. ^ Lott, John (2015-12-03). "Mass Shootings and Gun Control". National Review.
  39. ^ "Daily Message: Students Prep the Next Round of School Walkouts for Gun Reform". The Trace . Retrieved 2019-03-09 .
  40. ^ "New Mexico governor enacts expanded gun background checks". Las Cruces Sun-News . Retrieved 2019-03-09 .
  41. ^ Siegel, Michael; Pahn, Molly; Xuan, Ziming; Fleegler, Eric; Hemenway, David (March 28, 2019). "The Impact of Country Firearm Laws on Homicide and Suicide Deaths in the Usa, 1991–2016: a Console Written report". Periodical of General Internal Medicine. 34 (10): 2021–2028. doi:10.1007/s11606-019-04922-x. PMC6816623. PMID 30924089.
  42. ^ Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro; Kagawa, Rose Grand.C.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Crifasi, Cassandra; Vernick, Jon Southward; Webster, Daniel Due west; Wintemute, Garen J. (2019). "California's comprehensive background cheque and misdemeanor violence prohibition policies and firearm mortality". Annals of Epidemiology. xxx: 50–56. doi:x.1016/j.annepidem.2018.10.001. PMID 30744830.
  43. ^ Wintemute, Garen J.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel Due west.; Kagawa, Rose M. C.; Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro (2018-12-01). "Comprehensive background check policy and firearm background checks in three The states states". Injury Prevention. 24 (6): 431–436. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042475. ISSN 1353-8047. PMID 28986427.
  44. ^ Kagawa, Rose Thou.C.; Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro; Vernick, Jon Due south.; Webster, Daniel W.; Crifasi, Cassandra; Rudolph, Kara E.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Shev, Aaron; Wintemute, Garen J. (2018). "Repeal of Comprehensive Groundwork Check Policies and Firearm Homicide and Suicide". Epidemiology. 29 (iv): 494–502. doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000838. PMID 29613872. S2CID 4594013.
  45. ^ a b c Crifasi, C.K., Merrill-Francis, Chiliad., McCourt, A. et al. "Clan betwixt Firearm Laws and Homicide in Urban Counties." J Urban Health (2018) 95: 383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-0273-3
  46. ^ a b Kalesan, Bindu; Mobily, Matthew East; Keiser, Olivia; Fagan, Jeffrey A; Galea, Sandro (2016-04-xxx). "Firearm legislation and firearm mortality in the USA: a cross-sectional, state-level written report". The Lancet. 387 (10030): 1847–1855. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01026-0. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 26972843. S2CID 21415884.
  47. ^ Rudolph, Kara E.; Stuart, Elizabeth A.; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel W. (2015). "Association Betwixt Connecticut's Permit-to-Purchase Handgun Law and Homicides". American Journal of Public Health. 105 (eight): e49–e54. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302703. PMC4504296. PMID 26066959.
  48. ^ a b Webster, Daniel; Kercher Crifasi, Cassandra; Vernick, Jon S. (2014). "Effects of the repeal of Missouri's handgun purchaser licensing law on homicides". Journal of Urban Health. 91 (2): 293–302. doi:10.1007/s11524-014-9865-eight. PMC3978146. PMID 24604521.
  49. ^ Fleegler, Eric Due west.; Lee, Lois K.; Monuteaux, Michael C.; Hemenway, David; Mannix, Rebekah (2013-05-13). "Firearm Legislation and Firearm-Related Fatalities in the Us". JAMA Internal Medicine. 173 (9): 732–forty. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1286. ISSN 2168-6106. PMID 23467753.
  50. ^ Quoctrung Bui & Margot Sanger-Katz (January 10, 2017). "How to Prevent Gun Deaths? Where Experts and the Public Agree". New York Times.
  51. ^ Margot Sanger-Katz & Quoctrung Bui. (October five, 2017). "Experts poll on reducing mass shooting deaths". New York Times.
  52. ^ Lott, John R. and Berg, Doctor, Arthur and Mauser, Gary A., Skilful Views on Gun Laws, Regulation (Winter 2019-2020).
  53. ^ McCourt, AD; Vernick, JS; Betz, ME; Brandspigel, S; Runyan, CW (1 January 2017). "Temporary Transfer of Firearms From the Home to Prevent Suicide: Legal Obstacles and Recommendations". JAMA Internal Medicine. 177 (1): 96–101. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5704. PMID 27842186.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h Universal Background Checks, Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence (accessed January i, 2020).
  55. ^ "Universal Background Checks". Giffords . Retrieved 2020-12-09 .
  56. ^ Kevin Miller, "Proposed expansion of gun groundwork checks defeated", Portland Press Herald (November 8, 2016).
  57. ^ "November 8, 2016 Referendum Election: Official Results", Maine Section of the Secretary of State, Agency of Corporations, Elections & Commissions.
  58. ^ "November 4, 2014 Full general Ballot Results: Initiative Measure No. 594: Concerns background checks for firearm sales and transfers", Washington Secretary of State.

Further reading [edit]

  • Editorial board (February 18, 2014). "Missouri study shows why we need universal gun background checks". Chicago Sun-Times. Dominicus-Times Media. Retrieved June thirty, 2014.
  • Krouse, William J. (March one, 2013). "Gun Control Proposals in the 113th Congress: Universal Groundwork Checks, Gun Trafficking, and Military Style Firearms" (PDF). U.S. Department of State . Retrieved February 17, 2015.

What States Do Not Require A Background Check To Purchase A Gun?,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_background_check

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